![](/S3/newwriter/account/b182a9f4-4917-4a99-9916-3f730745a192.jpg?h=300&w=300&mode=crop&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
-
All 6
-
Formatting 6
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
Common APA Formatting Errors
Formatting errors can be avoided when using Write.studio.
By APA Support
26 Oct 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
Formatting Lists
Use lists for a related set of points that are syntactically and conceptually parallel.
By APA Support
27 Oct 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
Formatting Quotes & Paraphrases
A quotation replicates text verbatim, whereas a paraphrase restates another's ideas in your own words.
By APA Support
27 Oct 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
Formatting Paragraph Text
First line indent is the correct format for all paragraphs.
By APA Support
26 Oct 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
Formatting Headings and Appendices
APA style has 5 possible heading levels.
By APA Support
27 Oct 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
Ordering of Content in an APA Paper or Report
Consistency in the order, structure, and format of paper elements allow readers to focus on the story rather than the presentation.
By APA Support
27 Oct 2024
-
All 21
-
Legal sources 6
-
Publication sources 15
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
10.2 Books and Reference Works
The books category includes authored books, edited books, anthologies, religious works, and classical works.
By APA Support
27 Oct 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
10.3 Edited book chapters
The books category includes authored books, edited books, anthologies, religious works, and classical works.
By APA Support
22 Oct 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
10.4 Reports and Gray Literature
There are many kinds of reports, including government reports, technical reports, and research reports. These reports, like journal articles, usually cover original research, but they may not be peer reviewed.
By APA Support
22 Oct 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
10.5 Conference Sessions and Presentations
Conference sessions and presentations include paper presentations, poster sessions, keynote addresses, and symposium contributions.
22 Oct 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
10.6 Dissertations and Theses
References for doctoral dissertations and master's theses are divided by whether they are published or unpublished; unpublished works generally must be retrieve directly from the college or university in print form, whereas published works are available from a database (e.g., the Pro Quest Dissertations and Thesis Global database).
By APA Support
22 Oct 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
10.7 Reviews
Reviews of books, films, TV shows, and other entertainment are published in a variety of outlets, including journals, magazines, newspapers, websites, and blogs.
By APA Support
1 Nov 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
10.8 Unpublished Works
Unpublished works include work that is in progress, has been completed but not yet submitted for publication, and has been submitted but not yet accepted for publication.
By APA Support
22 Oct 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
10.9 Data Sets
Citing data supports their discovery and reuse, leading to better science through the validation of results. It also recognized data as an essential part of the scientific record and acknowledges data creators for their contributions.
By APA Support
1 Nov 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
10.10 Computer Software, Mobile Apps, Apparatuses
Common software and mobile apps mentioned in text, but not paraphrased or quoted, do not need citations, nor do programming languages. "Common" is relative to your field and audience–examples of software and apps. However, include reference lis entries and in-text citations if you have paraphrased or quoted from any software or app.
By APA Support
1 Oct 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
10.1 Periodicals
Periodicals are generally published on a continuous basis and include journals, magazines, newspapers, and even blogs and other online platforms that publish articles.
By APA Support
11 Dec 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
10.11 Tests, Scales, and Inventories
To cite a test, scale, or inventory, provide a citation for its supporting literature (e.g., a manual, which may be an authored or edited book, or journal article in which it was published).
By APA Support
22 Oct 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
10.15 Social media
Cite only original content from social media sites such as Twitter (X), Facebook, Reddit, Instagram, Tumblr, LinkedIn, and so forth.
By APA Support Desk
1 Nov 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
10.13 Audio Works
Audio components only include: music, or speech recordings.
By APA Support Desk
31 Oct 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
10.16 Webpages and Websites
Use the webpages and websites category if there is not other reference category that fits ad the work has no parent or overarching publication (e.g., journal, blog, conference).
By APA Support Desk
11 Nov 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
10.14 Visual Works
Visual component only may include artwork, clipart, maps, photographs, or slides.
By APA Support Desk
1 Nov 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
11.4 Cases or Court Decisions
Legal material used by APA adopt the USA Bluebook referencing approach.
By APA Support Desk
4 Nov 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
11.10 Treaties and International Conventions
Treaties and international conventions should include the name of the treaty, convention, or other agreement; the signing or approval date; and a URL if available.
By APA Support Desk
4 Nov 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
11.8 Patents
Patent references appear more like a typical APA reference rather than Bluebook (legal).
4 Nov 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
11.7 Administrative and Executive Materials
Administrative and executive materials include rules and regulations, advisory opinions, and executive orders.
By APA Support Desk
4 Nov 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
11.6 Legislative Materials
Legislative materials include federal testimonies, hearings, bills, resolutions, reports, and related documents.
By APA Support Desk
4 Nov 2024
![](/S3/newwriter/website/14b0920e-7036-4518-82e6-3f2f3fc7c048.jpg?h=180&w=225&mode=stretch&format=jpg&autorotate=true)
11.9 Constitutions and Charters
A citation is not necessary for an entire constitution. Refer to it in text instead.
By APA Support Desk
4 Nov 2024