10.2 Books and Reference Works

The books category includes authored books, edited books, anthologies, religious works, and classical works.

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27 Oct 2024

10.3 Edited book chapters

The books category includes authored books, edited books, anthologies, religious works, and classical works.

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22 Oct 2024

10.4 Reports and Gray Literature

There are many kinds of reports, including government reports, technical reports, and research reports. These reports, like journal articles, usually cover original research, but they may not be peer reviewed.

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22 Oct 2024

10.5 Conference Sessions and Presentations

Conference sessions and presentations include paper presentations, poster sessions, keynote addresses, and symposium contributions.

22 Oct 2024

10.6 Dissertations and Theses

References for doctoral dissertations and master's theses are divided by whether they are published or unpublished; unpublished works generally must be retrieve directly from the college or university in print form, whereas published works are available from a database (e.g., the Pro Quest Dissertations and Thesis Global database).

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22 Oct 2024

10.7 Reviews

Reviews of books, films, TV shows, and other entertainment are published in a variety of outlets, including journals, magazines, newspapers, websites, and blogs.

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1 Nov 2024

10.8 Unpublished Works

Unpublished works include work that is in progress, has been completed but not yet submitted for publication, and has been submitted but not yet accepted for publication.

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22 Oct 2024

10.9 Data Sets

Citing data supports their discovery and reuse, leading to better science through the validation of results. It also recognized data as an essential part of the scientific record and acknowledges data creators for their contributions.

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1 Nov 2024

10.10 Computer Software, Mobile Apps, Apparatuses

Common software and mobile apps mentioned in text, but not paraphrased or quoted, do not need citations, nor do programming languages. "Common" is relative to your field and audience–examples of software and apps. However, include reference lis entries and in-text citations if you have paraphrased or quoted from any software or app.

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1 Oct 2024

10.1 Periodicals

Periodicals are generally published on a continuous basis and include journals, magazines, newspapers, and even blogs and other online platforms that publish articles.

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11 Dec 2024

10.11 Tests, Scales, and Inventories

To cite a test, scale, or inventory, provide a citation for its supporting literature (e.g., a manual, which may be an authored or edited book, or journal article in which it was published).

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22 Oct 2024

10.15 Social media

Cite only original content from social media sites such as Twitter (X), Facebook, Reddit, Instagram, Tumblr, LinkedIn, and so forth.

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1 Nov 2024

10.13 Audio Works

Audio components only include: music, or speech recordings.

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31 Oct 2024

10.16 Webpages and Websites

Use the webpages and websites category if there is not other reference category that fits ad the work has no parent or overarching publication (e.g., journal, blog, conference).

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11 Nov 2024

10.14 Visual Works

Visual component only may include artwork, clipart, maps, photographs, or slides.

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1 Nov 2024

11.4 Cases or Court Decisions

Legal material used by APA adopt the USA Bluebook referencing approach.

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4 Nov 2024

11.10 Treaties and International Conventions

Treaties and international conventions should include the name of the treaty, convention, or other agreement; the signing or approval date; and a URL if available.

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4 Nov 2024

11.8 Patents

Patent references appear more like a typical APA reference rather than Bluebook (legal).

4 Nov 2024

11.7 Administrative and Executive Materials

Administrative and executive materials include rules and regulations, advisory opinions, and executive orders.

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4 Nov 2024

11.6 Legislative Materials

Legislative materials include federal testimonies, hearings, bills, resolutions, reports, and related documents.

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4 Nov 2024

11.9 Constitutions and Charters

A citation is not necessary for an entire constitution. Refer to it in text instead.

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4 Nov 2024